Computer Fundamentals

                                           COMPUTER  FUNDAMENTAL

 Q:-  What is Computer ?

Ans:- Computer is an electronic device. It take input, process and it can give output .It can perform complex Arithmetical and logical calculation. It can store data in his memory.

                 There are two parts of computer  

                                  

·        Hardware

·        Software

Hardware: - All physical Parts of computer is called hardware.     

            Ex:- monitor , mouse, keyboard, printer, processor, scanner, motherboard,                         speaker etc.

1.  Monitor:- display the video data and graphics information are called monitor. Its look                         like a television and it is output device.

     The picture on a monitor is made up of thousands of tiny colored dots called pixels.    

  

              Monitor come in two major type :-

                                 a)   CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)

                                 b)  LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)

     a)  CRT: - CRT monitor look much like old fashioned television and very deep in size.

                             

                   Type of CRT

                               

•      Monochrome
•          Color
•     Flat screen

b)    LCD :-  LCD monitor are much thinner , use less energy, and provide a greater  

                        graphics quality.

  

2.     Keyboard: -  Enter text , character and other command in to the computer are called 

                                keyboard.  

                                 its look like a typewriter and it is a input device.

                                                

                 It keys generally divided in to four parts.

•  Alphabet keys    (A to Z)
•  Numeric Keys     (0 to 9)
•  Function Keys    (F1 to F12)
•  Special Keys      (Backspace, Caps lock, Shift , Tab ,Ctrl ,Enter , Delete ,Arrow etc)

                       

                                    Type of Keyboard

•  Normal Keyboard
•  Multimedia Keyboard
•   Cordless (Wireless) Keyboard

3.      Mouse :- A mouse is a pointing device and also input device that function by detecting

                       two dimmsional motion relative to its supporting surface and we can open  

                       work and close any  program .

                     

                                    Type of mouse:-

•  Scroll mouse
• Optical mouse
•  Cordless (wireless mouse)

4.      Printer :-  Printer is a device that accept text and graphics output from a computer 

                        and transfer the information to paper. it is used to print any file or 

                        document are called printer.

                              

                                        Type of printer

• D.M.P. (Dot metric printer)
•  Inkjet Printer
•  Laser Printer

5.      Scanner :- Scanner is a input device that scan image, printed text, handwriting, 

                              object and convert it  to a Digital image.

6.      C.P.U.(central processing unit) :- the CPU is the brain of computer. it hold 

                        lots of Electronic Component.

                   Like motherboard, hard disk, CD/DVD Drive, Floppy Drive and Add on 

                   internal or external cards.

7.      Motherboard :- it is made by plastic board. All electronics component are affix 

                                   on this board are called mother board.

8.     Processor: - it is affix in the motherboard .it is made by silicon chip.

9.     U.P.S.(uninterrupted power supply) :- it is power supply device. it connect with battery. When electricity is available it AC stabilize. It and supply to can device when electricity goes off it start supply from battery the transfer time is very less approximately 2m.s.    

Software :- set of instruction are called program and set of program is      

                                  called Software.

                       

                             There are two kinds of  software:-                                                       

                                    1.   System Software

                                2.   Application Software

1.     System software :- it work like a bridge between        

            user and computer it also called operating system etc.

            Ex-window 98, 2000, xp, dos, Linux, Unix window 7,    

            window 8,etc.

     2.     Application software :- this type of software is    

                  developed for specific use or purpose.       

               Ex- Tally, m.s.office , typing , player etc. 

Input :-  The Process of entering data and instruction in to the  

                     Computer system (input device).

Processing :- Performing arithmetic operations or logical operations on 

                              data in order to convert them into useful information

Output :- The process of producing useful information or result for the user, 

                       a printed report or visual display.

                                      Memory

        

                Memory is a data storage device . it can store data in his memory.

                 It is denoted storage capacity of computer.

                There are two types of memory:-

                  1)            Primary memory  (Temporary memory )

                  2)             Secondary memory  ( permanent memory )

                                     

1)  Primary memory :- Beside the micro processor the system unit also contains a     

                                       storage area. Where the data is stored for being actually                                                  processed.

                              This storage area is called primary memory. It is also referred to                                   internal memory or main memory.

      

1)  R.A.M (Random Access Memory) :- It is a volatile memory. When the computer is turn off the storage data is going to deleted.( Its instruction is reminder ever if power is gone).

2)  R.O.M (Read Only Memory) :-it can only read so it is called Read Only Memory. it store information permanently and it contain post programs .it is attach on the mother board as a chip.  

                                   Type of R.O.M

1)           PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory)

2)           EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)

3)           EEPROM(Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)

4)           EAPROM (Electrically Alterable  Read Only Memory)

1)  PROM :- it is initially empty after writing any information than become rom can’t allow to write new information

2)  EPROM :- it allow to erase its information and write new information with the help of ultra-violet ray but it can’t allow to erase or write particular location.

3)   EEPROM :- It is same as EPROM only one different here it is used high voltage current to use to write new information.

4)  EAPROM:- It is that type of rom which allow to erase or write any particular location by the high voltage current.      

          Other type of ROM       

                               

                          In The Sence of chip  

                        (i)    Mask ROM

                        (ii)        Flash ROM

2) Secondary memory :- it is used to store data  

                           permanent. it is also used to read and write purpose.

           There are many types

• Hard Disk
• Floppy Disk
• CD Rom

Hard Disk :- It is made by magnetic coated metal Disk. It comes different                              memory capacity from 100MB, 2GB, 20GB, 40GB etc

Floppy Disk :- It is a permanent memory. It is used to read and  

                      write purpose. it is mad by magnetic coated plastic. 

                      maximum memory capacity 1.44MB. 

 CD Rom :- It is used to write once and many times. It is made by  

                   hard plastic on this plastic special magnetic coated  

                 material.